The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFC), Government of India, has issued a notification on rules for battery waste management in view of the shift to electric vehicles. Anticipating a need to have an organised channel for the safe disposal and recycling of batteries, the rules, called the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, are applicable to the producer, dealer, consumer, entities involved in collection, segregation, transportation, refurbishment and recycling of waste batteries. 

All types of batteries, regardless of their chemistry, shape, volume, weight, material composition and use are covered under the rules. The rules also have a provision for penal action in case of a violation and imposition of environmental compensation. The ministry has also set a minimum recovery percentage target for recovered materials out of dry weight batteries. 

The recovered materials will be then used to produce new batteries. For FY2024-25, the recovery target is set at 70 percent whereas for FY2025-26, it is 80 percent. The target for FY2026-27 is 90 percent. Mentioning that the recovery target may be reviewed by the committee once every four years to revisit the minimum levels of recovered battery materials in light of technical and scientific progress and emerging new technologies in waste management, the notification is expected to contribute towards enhancing each and every EV’s cost to the environment in India. This is especially in connection with the fact that nearly 1.4 million EVs as of July 2022 are said to operate in India if the data shared by the ministry of road transport and highways is relied upon. More than half of this volume is claimed to consist of electric three-wheelers followed by two-wheelers and passenger cars. 

The PLI scheme and other policy changes in terms of manufacture and sale of electric vehicles, it is clear that a strong battery ELV and disposal policy has to be in place. From the cost to the environment point of view, a policy extension in terms of the manufacture of such batteries locally down to the fuel cell level should also taking into view the ability of the battery to perform efficiently through out its lifecycle, thus staying alive for longer and when it does die, it should be recyclable to a great extent. 

Dr Akshay Singhal, Founder and CEO of Log9 Materials, averred. “The newly introduced Battery Waste Management standards by the Government under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept addresses two important concerns. An efficient and effective waste management of all Li-Ion batteries that are nearing the end of their useful life and are expected to end up in landfills in a few years, avoiding any residual pollution impact. Second is the emphasis on investing in and nurturing the recycling of such used batteries, reducing the reliance on fresh resource mining.” 

Shubham Vishvakarma, CEO and Chief of Process Engineering of Metastable Materials, said, “The Battery Waste Management Rules announced by the Government of India is an excellent and much-needed step towards bringing to the fore innovations and myriad growth opportunities for the battery waste management and battery treatment space in our country, especially at a time when the ongoing EV boom in India is leading us to increasing concerns on e-waste.” “Under the new Rules notified, the Government has mandated a minimum percentage of recovery of various materials from end-of-life batteries, which is bound to enable the growth of novel business models such as urban mining in order to reduce India’s foreign dependency on procuring raw materials for EV batteries and other types of batteries,” he added. 

Ashok Sudrik, Chief Scientist, Infinite Orbit Research and Development Pvt Ltd, commented, “The Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, were much needed and we are happy that government has started taking cognizance of the hazardous waste being created and the recycling or waste collection. Other than waste management recycling rules, there is a need for manufacturers to incorporate extension of battery life technologies, keep the lithium content minimal and develop innovative cell chemistry. The life of a battery should be 4000 to 6000 cycles, which means a life spane of about 10 to 15 years. BaaS (Battery as a Service) concept with swappable batteries will be a big contributor to the ultimate goal of keeping cost to the environment low.”

In other parts of the world

In Canada, Li-Cycle will begin constructing a USD 175 million plant in Rochester, N.Y., for recycling of lithium-ion batteries. On the grounds of what used to be the Eastman Kodak complex, the plant will be the largest of its kind in North America with an eventual capacity of 25 metric kilotons of input material and a capability to recover 95 percent or more of cobalt, nickel, lithium and other valuable elements through zero-wastewater, zero-emissions process. Ajay Kochhar, Co-founder and CEO, Li-Cycle, said, “We'll be one of the largest domestic sources of nickel and lithium, as well as the only source of cobalt in the United States."  

In May 2022, Hydrovolt, the largest battery recycling plant in Europe started operations in Fredrikstad, Norway. A joint venture between two Norwegian companies – Hydro and Northvolt, the plant has the capacity to process 12,000 tonnes of battery packs per year, enough for the entire end-of-life battery market in Norway currently. Claimed to have the capability to recover 95 percent of the materials used in an EV battery including plastics, copper, aluminum and ‘black mass’, a powder containing various elements inside lithium-ion batteries like nickel, manganese, cobalt and lithium. 

Not just in Europe or US, the rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and associated battery gigafactories is pushing forward the creation of a battery recycling value chain. It is a matter of debate whether it got to be a close-loop or an open-loop design in terms of sourcing of batteries to recycle and to put the resulting material to good use so that the cost to the environment is kept minimal. As the demand for use of ‘green’ electricity source gathers pace the world over, on the other end of the spectrum, which involved the end-of-life vehicle for EVs, the demand for recycling in increasing partly due to regulations – the EU regulations have just intensified – and partly by a demand for re-use of materials due to geo-political reasons as well. A strong desire to localise supply chains and safeguard critical raw materials are also the driving factors.  

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N.A.N. GreenMet, the critical minerals and advanced manufacturing platform founded by Navin Agarwal (Vice Chairman, Vedanta), has launched N.A.N. MagneTech to establish a Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnet manufacturing facility at the Naidupeta Industrial Park in Andhra Pradesh.

The company has earmarked an investment of INR 12.5 billion in Phase I to build an initial capacity of 1,200 tonnes per annum, with a long-term target of 10,000 tonnes per annum.

It expects commercial production to begin in Q1 2028, generating annual revenues of INR 12 to INR 15 billion. The facility will integrate oxide processing, metal and alloy production, sintered magnet manufacturing and closed-loop recycling.

The project has secured feedstock supply arrangements with an Australian rare earth producer and executed off-take agreements with domestic automotive original equipment manufacturers. Technical development is led by Dr. John Ormerod, Dr. Masato Sagawa and Dr. Gaurav Shukla.

Navin Agarwal, Founder & Chairman, N.A.N. GreenMet, said, “The industries shaping the future will be defined by those who control advanced materials and manufacturing technologies. At N.A.N. GreenMet, we are building a globally competitive industrial enterprise that strengthens India’s manufacturing capabilities in strategically important sectors. N.A.N. MagneTech is an important milestone in that endeavour, bringing world-class technology to establish a domestic rare earth magnet ecosystem that supports the country’s long-term industrial growth”.

Dr. John Ormerod, Chairman of the Technology Board, N.A.N. MagneTech, added, "We are bringing the most advanced Japanese process technology to India, covering the complete oxide-to-magnet ecosystem. Backed by a secured feedstock strategy and closed-loop recycling, this platform is engineered to deliver consistent, world-class quality."

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European technology company N-Dream has brought its AirConsole gaming platform to India through a collaboration with Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles and KPIT Technologies, with the marked debut on the Sierra.ev SUV.

AirConsole is integrated into the vehicle's connected services pack and the Arcade App, utilising the vehicle's display setup. Passengers connect smartphones as controllers by scanning a QR code on the screen. The initial launch brings approximately 15 games, including Kaun Banega Crorepati. The in-vehicle gaming technology will be exclusively available on the Sierra.ev for a period of four months, before it can be made available on other models and brands.

Anthony Cliquot, CEO, N-Dream / AirConsole, said, "India is one of the fastest-growing automotive markets in the world. Experiencing the Sierra.ev's launch event in Mumbai where AirConsole was so prominently featured, made our team proud. To see our gaming platform in the vehicle alongside other premium offerings, was a clear testament of how entertainment and passenger experiences are becoming paramount for consumer choice. TMPV is moving at a pace that few in this market can match right now, and this partnership with AirConsole will enable gaming to be part of that momentum."

Vivek Srivatsa, Chief Commercial Officer, Tata Passenger Electric Mobility, said, "The Sierra has always been an icon, and with the Sierra.ev, we have elevated that legacy for an electric era. Bringing AirConsole's in-car gaming experience to the Sierra.ev redefines what connected, immersive technology can add to the ownership experience. As the first vehicle in India to offer this capability, we are delighted to partner with AirConsole to deliver an entirely new dimension of entertainment and engagement for our customers."

Pushpahas Joshi, EVP at KPIT Technologies & Board Member at N-Dream, said, “KPIT is very excited to bring AirConsole to India. This is going to be the first among several launches that will enhance consumer experience in the Cockpit of the future. AirConsole is a category creating product loved by more than 4 million car owners worldwide. As part of its strategy towards futuristic Products & Solutions, AirConsole became part of KPIT family in November 2023. Since then, KPIT has enabled AirConsole to expand outside Europe -into Asia and USA. I am very sure, that, owners of Tata cars & their families will enjoy the cool In-car gaming experience with AirConsole”

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The Applied AI Research Centre (INAI) at IIIT-Hyderabad has developed an artificial intelligence traffic violation detection system named VIOLA. The project uses dashcams installed in police patrol vehicles to detect traffic infractions and integrate with the Telangana Police e-Challan workflow.

Govind Krishnan, who leads translational AI initiatives for mobility at INAI, said that the question is not why accidents happen. “We already know the answers. The real question is: How can we help solve this problem? Or more importantly, how can artificial intelligence help solve this?”

The system builds upon prior research from Prof. Ravi Kiran S at the Centre for Visual Information Technology (CVIT) regarding helmet detection. By mounting cameras on police vehicles, the setup monitors infractions such as helmet violations, triple riding and wrong-side driving across routes.

Prithvi Jonnada, Operations Manager at INAI, explained, “We let the cameras record their daily rounds, fed the footage into an AI system capable of detecting traffic violations, recognising licence plates and automatically forwarded verified cases to Telangana Police’s e-Challan system. This is a mandate from the police department to have a human in the loop thus ensuring the AI acts as an assistant, not a replacement, for human judgment.”

With four dashcams deployed, the system reports an accuracy rate for submissions. The INAI team is expanding the algorithm to include speed detection and road condition monitoring.

Dr. Ganesh Yalla, CEO, iHub-Data, added, “People don’t expect an academic institution to build a complete industrial-grade product that is deployed and generating real impact. We want to change that.”

Discussions are underway with police departments outside Telangana for broader implementation.

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Cars24, a leading online vehicle selling and buying marketplace, has reported that it has processed 1.1 trillion AI (artificial intelligence) tokens during Q1 of FY2026, marking a shift in its business model.

The company stated that AI expenditure now represents 8.88 percent of the company's salary run-rate, with 95 percent of its employees use AI weekly and 89 percent of production code is AI-assisted, contributing to a reported 3x increase in engineer productivity.

Furthermore, for customer operations, AI platforms analysed 9.81 million conversations. Voicebots handled 2.58 million minutes and chatbots processed 550,000 requests.

In terms of inspections, 80 percent of vehicle inspections – totalling 288,000 – were conducted via AI-led systems, reducing the average inspection time from 45 minutes to 26 minutes.

AI-led loan disbursals accounted for 65 percent of the total, amounting to 4,158 disbursals. The company’s Document AI processed 850,000 documents, while its Agentic AI platform executed 5.71 million workflows.

At present, Cars24 operates six in-house platforms supporting 25 use cases, including computer vision, lending and workflow automation. Its imaging platform processes 50,000 vehicle images per month.

Vikram Chopra, Founder & CEO, Cars24, said: "AI is no longer improving isolated workflows, it is becoming the operating system of Cars24. Processing over one trillion AI tokens in a single quarter reflects the scale at which intelligence now powers every part of our business. From customer conversations and vehicle inspections to engineering and operations, we are building one AI that understands context, learns continuously and simplifies every stage of vehicle ownership."

Looking forward, Cars24 plans to develop a unified AI layer that integrates buying, selling, financing and ownership services by utilising its data from the past 11 years.

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