The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFC), Government of India, has issued a notification on rules for battery waste management in view of the shift to electric vehicles. Anticipating a need to have an organised channel for the safe disposal and recycling of batteries, the rules, called the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, are applicable to the producer, dealer, consumer, entities involved in collection, segregation, transportation, refurbishment and recycling of waste batteries. 

All types of batteries, regardless of their chemistry, shape, volume, weight, material composition and use are covered under the rules. The rules also have a provision for penal action in case of a violation and imposition of environmental compensation. The ministry has also set a minimum recovery percentage target for recovered materials out of dry weight batteries. 

The recovered materials will be then used to produce new batteries. For FY2024-25, the recovery target is set at 70 percent whereas for FY2025-26, it is 80 percent. The target for FY2026-27 is 90 percent. Mentioning that the recovery target may be reviewed by the committee once every four years to revisit the minimum levels of recovered battery materials in light of technical and scientific progress and emerging new technologies in waste management, the notification is expected to contribute towards enhancing each and every EV’s cost to the environment in India. This is especially in connection with the fact that nearly 1.4 million EVs as of July 2022 are said to operate in India if the data shared by the ministry of road transport and highways is relied upon. More than half of this volume is claimed to consist of electric three-wheelers followed by two-wheelers and passenger cars. 

The PLI scheme and other policy changes in terms of manufacture and sale of electric vehicles, it is clear that a strong battery ELV and disposal policy has to be in place. From the cost to the environment point of view, a policy extension in terms of the manufacture of such batteries locally down to the fuel cell level should also taking into view the ability of the battery to perform efficiently through out its lifecycle, thus staying alive for longer and when it does die, it should be recyclable to a great extent. 

Dr Akshay Singhal, Founder and CEO of Log9 Materials, averred. “The newly introduced Battery Waste Management standards by the Government under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept addresses two important concerns. An efficient and effective waste management of all Li-Ion batteries that are nearing the end of their useful life and are expected to end up in landfills in a few years, avoiding any residual pollution impact. Second is the emphasis on investing in and nurturing the recycling of such used batteries, reducing the reliance on fresh resource mining.” 

Shubham Vishvakarma, CEO and Chief of Process Engineering of Metastable Materials, said, “The Battery Waste Management Rules announced by the Government of India is an excellent and much-needed step towards bringing to the fore innovations and myriad growth opportunities for the battery waste management and battery treatment space in our country, especially at a time when the ongoing EV boom in India is leading us to increasing concerns on e-waste.” “Under the new Rules notified, the Government has mandated a minimum percentage of recovery of various materials from end-of-life batteries, which is bound to enable the growth of novel business models such as urban mining in order to reduce India’s foreign dependency on procuring raw materials for EV batteries and other types of batteries,” he added. 

Ashok Sudrik, Chief Scientist, Infinite Orbit Research and Development Pvt Ltd, commented, “The Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, were much needed and we are happy that government has started taking cognizance of the hazardous waste being created and the recycling or waste collection. Other than waste management recycling rules, there is a need for manufacturers to incorporate extension of battery life technologies, keep the lithium content minimal and develop innovative cell chemistry. The life of a battery should be 4000 to 6000 cycles, which means a life spane of about 10 to 15 years. BaaS (Battery as a Service) concept with swappable batteries will be a big contributor to the ultimate goal of keeping cost to the environment low.”

In other parts of the world

In Canada, Li-Cycle will begin constructing a USD 175 million plant in Rochester, N.Y., for recycling of lithium-ion batteries. On the grounds of what used to be the Eastman Kodak complex, the plant will be the largest of its kind in North America with an eventual capacity of 25 metric kilotons of input material and a capability to recover 95 percent or more of cobalt, nickel, lithium and other valuable elements through zero-wastewater, zero-emissions process. Ajay Kochhar, Co-founder and CEO, Li-Cycle, said, “We'll be one of the largest domestic sources of nickel and lithium, as well as the only source of cobalt in the United States."  

In May 2022, Hydrovolt, the largest battery recycling plant in Europe started operations in Fredrikstad, Norway. A joint venture between two Norwegian companies – Hydro and Northvolt, the plant has the capacity to process 12,000 tonnes of battery packs per year, enough for the entire end-of-life battery market in Norway currently. Claimed to have the capability to recover 95 percent of the materials used in an EV battery including plastics, copper, aluminum and ‘black mass’, a powder containing various elements inside lithium-ion batteries like nickel, manganese, cobalt and lithium. 

Not just in Europe or US, the rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and associated battery gigafactories is pushing forward the creation of a battery recycling value chain. It is a matter of debate whether it got to be a close-loop or an open-loop design in terms of sourcing of batteries to recycle and to put the resulting material to good use so that the cost to the environment is kept minimal. As the demand for use of ‘green’ electricity source gathers pace the world over, on the other end of the spectrum, which involved the end-of-life vehicle for EVs, the demand for recycling in increasing partly due to regulations – the EU regulations have just intensified – and partly by a demand for re-use of materials due to geo-political reasons as well. A strong desire to localise supply chains and safeguard critical raw materials are also the driving factors.  

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Battery Smart (Upgrid Solutions) has raised USD 15 million in debt funding from Mirova, a sustainable investment affiliate of Natixis Investment Managers.

The facility is intended to accelerate the expansion of the company’s Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) infrastructure across India. The capital will specifically support the growth of partner-led swap stations in urban and semi-urban markets, enhancing service for high-usage segments such as last-mile delivery and passenger mobility.

Since launching its first station in New Delhi in 2020, Battery Smart has developed one of India's largest battery-swapping networks. It has setup more than 1,600 stations across 50 cities, wherein EV drivers can swap a depleted battery for a fully charged one in approximately two minutes, significantly reducing the downtime associated with traditional plug-in charging. By separating battery costs from vehicle ownership, the model reduces upfront vehicle purchase prices and improves daily earnings for gig economy drivers.

This transaction marks Mirova’s third investment in the Indian market, following previous commitments to companies like Revfin. The investment is part of Mirova's broader strategy to support high-impact climate solutions in emerging economies.

Pulkit Khurana, Founder and CEO, Battery Smart, said, “This financing marks an important step for us as we continue to scale our battery-as-a-service network across India. With Mirova’s support, we aim to accelerate network expansion and further our focus on making electric mobility more accessible, affordable, and inclusive for drivers across the country.”

Priyanka Mehrotra, Investment Director, Mirova, added, “This transaction marks our third investment in India, thus reflecting continued commitment to supporting high-impact climate solutions in emerging markets. We are pleased to support the next phase of Battery Smart’s growth, rooted in a scalable and operationally efficient model that addresses both environmental and economic challenges, particularly in last-mile mobility.”

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China-headquartered PATEO Connect Technology has announced two major strategic partnerships – AUMOVIO and NVIDIA – during the Beijing International Automotive Exhibition, focusing on the global expansion of artificial general intelligence (AGI) and high-performance computing in the automotive sector.

The leading Chinese provider of intelligent vehicle connectivity solutions, specialising in AI-enabled, cloud-based infotainment, Operating Systems (PATEO OS) and hardware for automakers

PATEO entered into a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with AUMOVIO Holding China Co. The parties intend to jointly develop cross-domain integration and AGI technologies. The agreement focuses on leveraging high-computing SoC platforms and integrated cockpit-driving domain controllers for R&D. It will utilise global supply chains, OEM resources and manufacturing capabilities. Promoting Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) domain control and AGI automotive application projects.

The partnership aims to establish a ‘channel + product’ alliance, combining joint investment with technology collaboration to address future market demands for intelligent mobility.

PATEO also confirmed deep collaborations with NVIDIA and a leading New Energy Vehicle (NEV) OEM. To address the demand for computing power in Level 3 and Level 4 autonomous driving, PATEO is developing on-vehicle solutions powered by the NVIDIA DRIVE AGX Thor platform.

As per the understanding, the partnership will implement PATEO’s AI Box on the NVIDIA platform to support vehicle-side deployment of next-generation models. PATEO has received a nomination for a model project representing an integrated ‘software and hardware’ solution. The project marks a commercial application coupling ByteDance's general large model with PATEO’s edge model.

PATEO and its partners have initiated deployment for vehicle-side scenarios, including physical AI, AI agents, and AI emotional agents. The company is also exploring business models such as computing power charging and vehicle-mounted tokens billing.

As automotive intelligence shifts toward being ‘AI-defined,’ PATEO said it continues to execute its ‘AI + Globalisation’ strategy, transitioning large-scale models from verification to mass production.

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Epsilon Cathode Active Materials (Epsilon CAM) has revealed its Gen III LFP Cathode Material, marking a significant non-Chinese advancement in high-energy-density battery chemistry at a commercial scale.

The technology was developed at the company’s Cathode Technology Centre in Moosburg, Germany, an innovation hub supported by a portfolio of over 145 active patents. The breakthrough addresses the global automotive industry's need for high-performance battery materials that offer supply chain diversification and regulatory compliance.

The Gen III LFP material is engineered to provide electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers with claimed performance differentiation through several key metrics:

• Energy Capacity: Achieves a discharge capacity of ≥159 mAh/g.
• Architecture: Features an electrode density of ≥2.51 g/cc, allowing for denser cell architecture.
• Longevity: Delivers 2X cycle life for extended battery pack durability.
• Thermal Stability: Offers proven performance in high-temperature environments.

A primary feature of the Gen III LFP material is its full PFE (Prohibited Foreign Entity) approval. This compliance allows for unrestricted entry into North American battery manufacturing and automotive supply chains, providing a critical advantage as manufacturers seek to meet diversified regulatory mandates.

Vikram Handa, Managing Director, Epsilon Group, said, "This isn't just incremental. With our Gen III LFP Cathode Material, we've engineered a formulation that gives EV makers genuine performance differentiation – more energy per cell, denser electrode architecture and the compliance pathway that matters most for the North American market: full PFE approval."

To support global demand, Epsilon is advancing manufacturing with a planned capacity of 30,000 TPA (tonnes per annum) in India. By combining German research and development with Indian production, the company offers a credible alternative to Chinese dominance in the battery materials sector.

This ‘dual-hub’ strategy allows EV OEMs to mitigate geopolitical exposure and supply chain concentration risks while achieving performance parity with current Chinese alternatives. The Moosburg facility will continue to lead global R&D and product development for successive generations of LFP materials.

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Sterling Tools has entered a technology collaboration with China-based Nanjing Haohang to manufacture Advanced Rider Assistance Systems (ARAS) for the Indian two-wheeler market.

The agreement establishes a framework for Sterling Tools to lead local engineering, manufacturing and sales of ARAS in India. These systems utilise sensors and software to provide real-time alerts, functioning similarly to ADAS in passenger cars but adapted for the specific dynamics of two-wheelers. The partnership aims to address safety gaps in India, where two-wheeler accidents represent a significant portion of road fatalities.

The collaboration has already resulted in the testing and validation of several features on Indian roads. These include Front and Rear Collision Warning, Blind Spot Detection, Lane Change Warning, and Wrong-Side Alert.

Sterling Tools plans to offer these production-ready systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to support the adoption of intelligent mobility and safety-driven regulations.

Anish Agarwal, Director, Sterling Tools, said, “We are moving toward an era of intelligent mobility. This partnership with Haohang, tailored for the Indian market, equip two-wheeler OEMs with advanced rider assistance technologies that address a critical safety gap. Two-wheeler accidents account for a significant share of road fatalities in India and our collaboration aims to foster a safer environment for the 2W industry and its manufacturers.”

Nanjing Haohang will provide the global technology platform, while Sterling Tools will manage system adaptation for local road conditions. This expansion follows Sterling Tools’ recent investments in EV power electronics and rare-earth-magnet-free motor solutions.

LI Zhipan, General Manager, Nanjing Haohang, added, “India represents one of the most important markets for advanced rider assistance technology, given the scale and safety challenges of its two-wheeler segment. Our collaboration with Sterling Tools allows us to localise our solutions for Indian road conditions and bring validated, life-saving technology to automakers and riders across the country.”

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