The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFC), Government of India, has issued a notification on rules for battery waste management in view of the shift to electric vehicles. Anticipating a need to have an organised channel for the safe disposal and recycling of batteries, the rules, called the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, are applicable to the producer, dealer, consumer, entities involved in collection, segregation, transportation, refurbishment and recycling of waste batteries. 

All types of batteries, regardless of their chemistry, shape, volume, weight, material composition and use are covered under the rules. The rules also have a provision for penal action in case of a violation and imposition of environmental compensation. The ministry has also set a minimum recovery percentage target for recovered materials out of dry weight batteries. 

The recovered materials will be then used to produce new batteries. For FY2024-25, the recovery target is set at 70 percent whereas for FY2025-26, it is 80 percent. The target for FY2026-27 is 90 percent. Mentioning that the recovery target may be reviewed by the committee once every four years to revisit the minimum levels of recovered battery materials in light of technical and scientific progress and emerging new technologies in waste management, the notification is expected to contribute towards enhancing each and every EV’s cost to the environment in India. This is especially in connection with the fact that nearly 1.4 million EVs as of July 2022 are said to operate in India if the data shared by the ministry of road transport and highways is relied upon. More than half of this volume is claimed to consist of electric three-wheelers followed by two-wheelers and passenger cars. 

The PLI scheme and other policy changes in terms of manufacture and sale of electric vehicles, it is clear that a strong battery ELV and disposal policy has to be in place. From the cost to the environment point of view, a policy extension in terms of the manufacture of such batteries locally down to the fuel cell level should also taking into view the ability of the battery to perform efficiently through out its lifecycle, thus staying alive for longer and when it does die, it should be recyclable to a great extent. 

Dr Akshay Singhal, Founder and CEO of Log9 Materials, averred. “The newly introduced Battery Waste Management standards by the Government under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept addresses two important concerns. An efficient and effective waste management of all Li-Ion batteries that are nearing the end of their useful life and are expected to end up in landfills in a few years, avoiding any residual pollution impact. Second is the emphasis on investing in and nurturing the recycling of such used batteries, reducing the reliance on fresh resource mining.” 

Shubham Vishvakarma, CEO and Chief of Process Engineering of Metastable Materials, said, “The Battery Waste Management Rules announced by the Government of India is an excellent and much-needed step towards bringing to the fore innovations and myriad growth opportunities for the battery waste management and battery treatment space in our country, especially at a time when the ongoing EV boom in India is leading us to increasing concerns on e-waste.” “Under the new Rules notified, the Government has mandated a minimum percentage of recovery of various materials from end-of-life batteries, which is bound to enable the growth of novel business models such as urban mining in order to reduce India’s foreign dependency on procuring raw materials for EV batteries and other types of batteries,” he added. 

Ashok Sudrik, Chief Scientist, Infinite Orbit Research and Development Pvt Ltd, commented, “The Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, were much needed and we are happy that government has started taking cognizance of the hazardous waste being created and the recycling or waste collection. Other than waste management recycling rules, there is a need for manufacturers to incorporate extension of battery life technologies, keep the lithium content minimal and develop innovative cell chemistry. The life of a battery should be 4000 to 6000 cycles, which means a life spane of about 10 to 15 years. BaaS (Battery as a Service) concept with swappable batteries will be a big contributor to the ultimate goal of keeping cost to the environment low.”

In other parts of the world

In Canada, Li-Cycle will begin constructing a USD 175 million plant in Rochester, N.Y., for recycling of lithium-ion batteries. On the grounds of what used to be the Eastman Kodak complex, the plant will be the largest of its kind in North America with an eventual capacity of 25 metric kilotons of input material and a capability to recover 95 percent or more of cobalt, nickel, lithium and other valuable elements through zero-wastewater, zero-emissions process. Ajay Kochhar, Co-founder and CEO, Li-Cycle, said, “We'll be one of the largest domestic sources of nickel and lithium, as well as the only source of cobalt in the United States."  

In May 2022, Hydrovolt, the largest battery recycling plant in Europe started operations in Fredrikstad, Norway. A joint venture between two Norwegian companies – Hydro and Northvolt, the plant has the capacity to process 12,000 tonnes of battery packs per year, enough for the entire end-of-life battery market in Norway currently. Claimed to have the capability to recover 95 percent of the materials used in an EV battery including plastics, copper, aluminum and ‘black mass’, a powder containing various elements inside lithium-ion batteries like nickel, manganese, cobalt and lithium. 

Not just in Europe or US, the rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and associated battery gigafactories is pushing forward the creation of a battery recycling value chain. It is a matter of debate whether it got to be a close-loop or an open-loop design in terms of sourcing of batteries to recycle and to put the resulting material to good use so that the cost to the environment is kept minimal. As the demand for use of ‘green’ electricity source gathers pace the world over, on the other end of the spectrum, which involved the end-of-life vehicle for EVs, the demand for recycling in increasing partly due to regulations – the EU regulations have just intensified – and partly by a demand for re-use of materials due to geo-political reasons as well. A strong desire to localise supply chains and safeguard critical raw materials are also the driving factors.  

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Epsilon Cathode Active Materials (Epsilon CAM) has revealed its Gen III LFP Cathode Material, marking a significant non-Chinese advancement in high-energy-density battery chemistry at a commercial scale.

The technology was developed at the company’s Cathode Technology Centre in Moosburg, Germany, an innovation hub supported by a portfolio of over 145 active patents. The breakthrough addresses the global automotive industry's need for high-performance battery materials that offer supply chain diversification and regulatory compliance.

The Gen III LFP material is engineered to provide electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers with claimed performance differentiation through several key metrics:

• Energy Capacity: Achieves a discharge capacity of ≥159 mAh/g.
• Architecture: Features an electrode density of ≥2.51 g/cc, allowing for denser cell architecture.
• Longevity: Delivers 2X cycle life for extended battery pack durability.
• Thermal Stability: Offers proven performance in high-temperature environments.

A primary feature of the Gen III LFP material is its full PFE (Prohibited Foreign Entity) approval. This compliance allows for unrestricted entry into North American battery manufacturing and automotive supply chains, providing a critical advantage as manufacturers seek to meet diversified regulatory mandates.

Vikram Handa, Managing Director, Epsilon Group, said, "This isn't just incremental. With our Gen III LFP Cathode Material, we've engineered a formulation that gives EV makers genuine performance differentiation – more energy per cell, denser electrode architecture and the compliance pathway that matters most for the North American market: full PFE approval."

To support global demand, Epsilon is advancing manufacturing with a planned capacity of 30,000 TPA (tonnes per annum) in India. By combining German research and development with Indian production, the company offers a credible alternative to Chinese dominance in the battery materials sector.

This ‘dual-hub’ strategy allows EV OEMs to mitigate geopolitical exposure and supply chain concentration risks while achieving performance parity with current Chinese alternatives. The Moosburg facility will continue to lead global R&D and product development for successive generations of LFP materials.

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Sterling Tools has entered a technology collaboration with China-based Nanjing Haohang to manufacture Advanced Rider Assistance Systems (ARAS) for the Indian two-wheeler market.

The agreement establishes a framework for Sterling Tools to lead local engineering, manufacturing and sales of ARAS in India. These systems utilise sensors and software to provide real-time alerts, functioning similarly to ADAS in passenger cars but adapted for the specific dynamics of two-wheelers. The partnership aims to address safety gaps in India, where two-wheeler accidents represent a significant portion of road fatalities.

The collaboration has already resulted in the testing and validation of several features on Indian roads. These include Front and Rear Collision Warning, Blind Spot Detection, Lane Change Warning, and Wrong-Side Alert.

Sterling Tools plans to offer these production-ready systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to support the adoption of intelligent mobility and safety-driven regulations.

Anish Agarwal, Director, Sterling Tools, said, “We are moving toward an era of intelligent mobility. This partnership with Haohang, tailored for the Indian market, equip two-wheeler OEMs with advanced rider assistance technologies that address a critical safety gap. Two-wheeler accidents account for a significant share of road fatalities in India and our collaboration aims to foster a safer environment for the 2W industry and its manufacturers.”

Nanjing Haohang will provide the global technology platform, while Sterling Tools will manage system adaptation for local road conditions. This expansion follows Sterling Tools’ recent investments in EV power electronics and rare-earth-magnet-free motor solutions.

LI Zhipan, General Manager, Nanjing Haohang, added, “India represents one of the most important markets for advanced rider assistance technology, given the scale and safety challenges of its two-wheeler segment. Our collaboration with Sterling Tools allows us to localise our solutions for Indian road conditions and bring validated, life-saving technology to automakers and riders across the country.”

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Pony.ai, a technology company, has announced a significant cost breakthrough in its autonomous vehicle roadmap at Auto China 2026.

The company expects the total cost of its 2027 Gen-7 Robotaxi – including the vehicle and the autonomous driving kit – to fall below RMB 230,000 (USD 33,000 / INR 2.74 million).

This price point is notably lower than the current starting price of a Tesla Model 3 in China, which it said signals a shift from experimental technology to economically viable infrastructure.

The company has transitioned from testing to scaling, citing a 70 percent reduction in bill-of-materials costs for its latest hardware. Key updates include:

• Fleet Expansion: Pony.ai's fleet has grown from 270 to over 1,400 vehicles, with a target of 3,000 units across 20 global cities by end-2026.
• Economic Breakeven: The company has achieved unit-economics breakeven in two major Southern Chinese economic hubs.
• Toyota Collaboration: The Gen-7 bZ4X Robotaxi has received on-road testing permits in Guangzhou, with plans to deploy 1,000 units in tier-one cities this year.

World’s First L4 autonomous light-duty truck

Furthermore, Pony.ai also expanded into urban logistics by unveiling an L4 electric light-duty truck developed in partnership with CATL.

Built on CATL’s Kunshi chassis, the e-truck features 100 percent automotive-grade redundancy across all critical systems (steering, braking and sensors). It is designed to reduce freight costs by 40 percent to 50 percent compared to human-driven transport. It features 18 cubic metres of cargo capacity and a range of 320–450 km, intended for supermarket restocking and cold-chain delivery.

Dr. Tiancheng Lou, CTO, Pony.ai, introduced PonyWorld 2.0, an upgraded proprietary world model. Unlike standard simulation tools, this system uses reinforcement learning to:

It can identify specific scenarios where the ‘Virtual Driver’ underperforms. It’s targeted learning approach guides data collection to improve model training efficiency. The technology enforces ‘fail-operational’ capabilities, ensuring the vehicle can safely pull over even during hardware failures.

Dr. James Peng, Founder and CEO, Pony.ai, said, “Today, the question is no longer whether Robotaxi can work. The focus is how to scale it safely, efficiently and at the right cost.”

With the launch of these new platforms, Pony.ai is leveraging a shared technology stack across both passenger mobility and urban logistics, creating economies of scale that allow for rapid deployment in both Chinese and overseas markets.

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JSW Motors, the new-energy vehicle arm of the JSW Group, and Tata Elxsi have entered a strategic alliance to establish JNEXT – the JSW NextGen Technology Center in Pune. This engineering hub is designed to support the development of software-defined, AI-powered mobility solutions as JSW Motors prepares its upcoming vehicle programmes for the Indian market.

Under the terms of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), Tata Elxsi will lead the end-to-end implementation of the Connected Vehicle Platform and a unified customer experience app.

This partnership covers the entire vehicle lifecycle, from conceptualisation and cloud integration to production and aftersales support. The collaboration is a key component of JSW Motors’ strategy to build a localised, technology-led ecosystem for electric and connected vehicles.

The JNEXT Center will leverage Tata Elxsi’s proprietary platforms, such as TETHER Auto, to deliver several advanced capabilities:

• Digital & Data Solutions: User experience (UX) design, cloud platforms, and over-the-air (OTA) update frameworks.
• Intelligent Systems: AI/ML analytics, 5G-enabled technology, digital twins, and cybersecurity.
• Immersive Tech: Location-based services and AR/VR/XR integration to enhance the customer ownership experience.
• Architecture: Software-defined vehicle architectures, predictive maintenance diagnostics and functional safety frameworks aligned with global standards.

Ranjan Nayak, CEO, JSW Motors, said, “Tata Elxsi's proven expertise across software-defined vehicles, ADAS, electrification, and digital engineering will help us accelerate development timelines and raise the bar on quality, safety, and innovation. This partnership is a step forward in our commitment to indigenisation, delivering world-class vehicles for Indian customers.”

Manoj Raghavan, MD & CEO, Tata Elxsi, added, “The future of mobility will be increasingly connected and software-defined, where vehicles continuously evolve through software, data, and intelligent systems. The JNEXT – JSW NextGen Technology Center will be instrumental in translating this into real-world mobility solutions across vehicle programmes.”

The establishment of this hub in Pune positions both companies at the forefront of India's shift toward intelligent, new-energy mobility, combining JSW's industrial manufacturing scale with Tata Elxsi’s software and design engineering expertise.

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