The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFC), Government of India, has issued a notification on rules for battery waste management in view of the shift to electric vehicles. Anticipating a need to have an organised channel for the safe disposal and recycling of batteries, the rules, called the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, are applicable to the producer, dealer, consumer, entities involved in collection, segregation, transportation, refurbishment and recycling of waste batteries. 

All types of batteries, regardless of their chemistry, shape, volume, weight, material composition and use are covered under the rules. The rules also have a provision for penal action in case of a violation and imposition of environmental compensation. The ministry has also set a minimum recovery percentage target for recovered materials out of dry weight batteries. 

The recovered materials will be then used to produce new batteries. For FY2024-25, the recovery target is set at 70 percent whereas for FY2025-26, it is 80 percent. The target for FY2026-27 is 90 percent. Mentioning that the recovery target may be reviewed by the committee once every four years to revisit the minimum levels of recovered battery materials in light of technical and scientific progress and emerging new technologies in waste management, the notification is expected to contribute towards enhancing each and every EV’s cost to the environment in India. This is especially in connection with the fact that nearly 1.4 million EVs as of July 2022 are said to operate in India if the data shared by the ministry of road transport and highways is relied upon. More than half of this volume is claimed to consist of electric three-wheelers followed by two-wheelers and passenger cars. 

The PLI scheme and other policy changes in terms of manufacture and sale of electric vehicles, it is clear that a strong battery ELV and disposal policy has to be in place. From the cost to the environment point of view, a policy extension in terms of the manufacture of such batteries locally down to the fuel cell level should also taking into view the ability of the battery to perform efficiently through out its lifecycle, thus staying alive for longer and when it does die, it should be recyclable to a great extent. 

Dr Akshay Singhal, Founder and CEO of Log9 Materials, averred. “The newly introduced Battery Waste Management standards by the Government under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept addresses two important concerns. An efficient and effective waste management of all Li-Ion batteries that are nearing the end of their useful life and are expected to end up in landfills in a few years, avoiding any residual pollution impact. Second is the emphasis on investing in and nurturing the recycling of such used batteries, reducing the reliance on fresh resource mining.” 

Shubham Vishvakarma, CEO and Chief of Process Engineering of Metastable Materials, said, “The Battery Waste Management Rules announced by the Government of India is an excellent and much-needed step towards bringing to the fore innovations and myriad growth opportunities for the battery waste management and battery treatment space in our country, especially at a time when the ongoing EV boom in India is leading us to increasing concerns on e-waste.” “Under the new Rules notified, the Government has mandated a minimum percentage of recovery of various materials from end-of-life batteries, which is bound to enable the growth of novel business models such as urban mining in order to reduce India’s foreign dependency on procuring raw materials for EV batteries and other types of batteries,” he added. 

Ashok Sudrik, Chief Scientist, Infinite Orbit Research and Development Pvt Ltd, commented, “The Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, were much needed and we are happy that government has started taking cognizance of the hazardous waste being created and the recycling or waste collection. Other than waste management recycling rules, there is a need for manufacturers to incorporate extension of battery life technologies, keep the lithium content minimal and develop innovative cell chemistry. The life of a battery should be 4000 to 6000 cycles, which means a life spane of about 10 to 15 years. BaaS (Battery as a Service) concept with swappable batteries will be a big contributor to the ultimate goal of keeping cost to the environment low.”

In other parts of the world

In Canada, Li-Cycle will begin constructing a USD 175 million plant in Rochester, N.Y., for recycling of lithium-ion batteries. On the grounds of what used to be the Eastman Kodak complex, the plant will be the largest of its kind in North America with an eventual capacity of 25 metric kilotons of input material and a capability to recover 95 percent or more of cobalt, nickel, lithium and other valuable elements through zero-wastewater, zero-emissions process. Ajay Kochhar, Co-founder and CEO, Li-Cycle, said, “We'll be one of the largest domestic sources of nickel and lithium, as well as the only source of cobalt in the United States."  

In May 2022, Hydrovolt, the largest battery recycling plant in Europe started operations in Fredrikstad, Norway. A joint venture between two Norwegian companies – Hydro and Northvolt, the plant has the capacity to process 12,000 tonnes of battery packs per year, enough for the entire end-of-life battery market in Norway currently. Claimed to have the capability to recover 95 percent of the materials used in an EV battery including plastics, copper, aluminum and ‘black mass’, a powder containing various elements inside lithium-ion batteries like nickel, manganese, cobalt and lithium. 

Not just in Europe or US, the rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and associated battery gigafactories is pushing forward the creation of a battery recycling value chain. It is a matter of debate whether it got to be a close-loop or an open-loop design in terms of sourcing of batteries to recycle and to put the resulting material to good use so that the cost to the environment is kept minimal. As the demand for use of ‘green’ electricity source gathers pace the world over, on the other end of the spectrum, which involved the end-of-life vehicle for EVs, the demand for recycling in increasing partly due to regulations – the EU regulations have just intensified – and partly by a demand for re-use of materials due to geo-political reasons as well. A strong desire to localise supply chains and safeguard critical raw materials are also the driving factors.  

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Geely Auto Group has announced the formation of Geely Technology Europe (Geely Tech Europe), a unified research and development centre integrating its engineering facilities in Gothenburg, Sweden and Frankfurt, Germany. The hub will serve as a strategic link to the Geely Research Institute (GRI) in China to develop vehicle platforms for international markets.

Geely Tech Europe aims to provide engineering support for the Zeekr, Lynk & Co and Geely brands. A primary operational goal is to reduce the time gap between Chinese and international product launches to less than 6 months. The organisation plans to double its managed European vehicle projects by 2027 to meet global sales targets.

The hub focuses on three technical pillars:

• Architecture Development: Co-creating mechanical and electronic/electrical (E/E) architectures.
• Market Optimisation: Integrating international regulatory requirements and customer needs into vehicle programmes.
• Digital Innovation: Developing software-defined vehicles using Agentic AI, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and smart cockpits while maintaining European data privacy standards.

The formation of Geely Tech Europe follows the evolution of China Euro Vehicle Technology (CEVT), established in 2013 and the subsequent Zeekr Technology Europe. The combined teams have previously developed the Compact Modular Architecture (CMA), used in over four million vehicles, and the SEA-S platform, which features a 900-volt high-voltage system.

Giovanni Lanfranchi, CEO, Geely Technology Europe, said, “Europe is more than a key market; it is a global benchmark for automotive excellence and demanding customer expectations. To succeed, it is essential to anticipate and incorporate the needs of all regions from the start of development. Establishing Geely Technology Europe creates a genuinely borderless R&D setup -- a strategic edge that allows us to not only meet global standards, but help set them.”

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American component major Tenneco India is no longer just manufacturing for the domestic market; it is transforming into a high-tech global export hub.

Under the leadership of CEO Arvind Chandra, the company is shifting from a ‘local-for-local’ strategy to a sophisticated ‘India for the World’ mandate that integrates Indian engineering into the global automotive lifecycle.

While current exports sit at approximately 6 percent, Tenneco’s future order book reveals a dramatic shift, with exports accounting for 20 percent of projected growth. This strategy leverages not only India’s competitive labour cost, but also high-quality innovations to bolster the margins of Tenneco’s sister divisions in Europe and the US.

"The addressable market just within Tenneco is huge," Chandra explains, noting that at present 70 percent of exports are currently directed to internal Tenneco entities. To support this, the company is earmarking USD 2 million for FY2026 to expand its R&D capabilities, creating a state-of-the-art centre to attract top-tier talent.

"When you become the export hub for the world, you should also become the R&D export hub," says Chandra.

Disrupting Ride Quality

On the domestic front, Tenneco is betting on ‘premiumisation’ in the passenger vehicle segment to disrupt the market. The company’s patented ‘DaVinci DCX’ suspension technology is at the heart of this push, aiming to bridge the gap between vehicle cost and ride comfort.

Chandra is candid about his goal to challenge the status quo of Indian roads: "My aspiration as CEO is to make sure that we completely disrupt the market. Because the comfort in the mass market passenger vehicle segment has been the same for the last 60-70 years".

Tenneco is also insulating itself against the uncertainty of electrification by remaining powertrain agnostic. Whether the market moves toward EVs, which can increase Tenneco's content per vehicle by over 4x for hybrids, the company remains positioned for growth. By ‘wrapping’ themselves around customer needs rather than protecting rigid revenue streams, Tenneco has secured a dominant 52 percent market share in shock absorbers.

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JSW Motors Limited, the electric and new energy vehicle subsidiary of the JSW Group, has entered into a long-term strategic agreement with Dassault Systèmes. The collaboration centres on transforming how the automaker will design, engineer and build its forthcoming models, with the DELMIA: 3DEXPERIENCE platform serving as the foundational digital framework for its entire lineup of new energy vehicles.

A key focus of the initiative is strengthening domestic capabilities. By merging local production expertise with globally recognised technology, the company aims to establish an automotive ecosystem that sets a new benchmark for India. This dual focus is designed to produce vehicles that meet international quality standards while being specifically calibrated for the domestic market, ultimately bolstering local supply chains and industrial resilience.

To advance this vision, the manufacturer is deploying the 3DEXPERIENCE platform to create a unified Product Lifecycle Management environment that spans design, engineering and validation. This effort is complemented by the integration of a sophisticated Manufacturing Execution System on the same platform, which ensures seamless digital continuity and full traceability from initial concept to final assembly.

Through this integrated approach, the partnership solidifies the company’s readiness to deliver competitive, future-ready vehicles. The unified digital infrastructure not only accelerates product development but also reinforces the organisation’s commitment to building a self-reliant, world-class automotive presence in India.

Ranjan Nayak, CEO, JSW Motors Limited, said, “At JSW Motors, we are building a technology-led future mobility ecosystem which is engineered in India and world class. We are delighted to partner with Dassault Systèmes from France to embed its state-of-the-art, digital platform across the vehicle lifecycle, from design to manufacturing at JSW Motors. We are also in advanced discussions with several additional domestic suppliers to further deepen localisation and strengthen India’s automotive supply chain. By leveraging the best global technologies, we aim to accelerate development timelines while enhancing quality.”

Deepak NG, Managing Director – India, Dassault Systèmes, said, “The Indian automotive industry is at a pivotal inflection point, and JSW Motors is well positioned to lead this transformation. Our 3DEXPERIENCE platform will empower JSW Motors to manage the growing complexity of software-defined vehicles while enabling end-to-end integration across their entire value chain, from design and engineering to manufacturing and lifecycle management. By building virtual twins of their products and processes, we will help drive greater innovation, efficiency and agility, ensuring scalability and sustained competitiveness in a rapidly evolving market.”

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Tensor, a Silicon Valley-based artificial intelligence firm, has introduced the Tensor Robocar to the United Kingdom at the 5th annual European AV Summit. The vehicle is the first production-ready Level 4 autonomous car designed for personal ownership.

The Robocar features a dual-mode strategy, allowing for both manual and fully autonomous operation. A key hardware innovation is the world's first foldable steering wheel, co-developed with automotive safety supplier Autoliv.

The vehicle architecture is built for full-stack redundancy to meet regional safety and reliability standards. Tensor's engineering utilises agentic AI and adaptive design to manage complex driving environments. The company has established a technical ecosystem through several strategic partnerships:

• Compute and AI: Collaboration with Arm for power-efficient compute platforms and Nvidia for AI processing.
• Infrastructure: Integration with Oracle for cloud systems.
• Manufacturing and Insurance: Partnerships with VinFast for scalable production and Marsh for insurance frameworks.

The UK appearance follows a global launch announcement in August 2025. The European AV Summit served as a platform to engage with regulators, insurers and city planners regarding the implementation of personal Level 4 ownership.

Tensor plans to commence production this year. Initial commercial availability is targeted for the UAE, EU and US markets.

Jay Xiao, Chief Executive Officer, Tensor, said, "Showcasing Tensor at the European AV Summit offered a vital opportunity to demonstrate a production-ready Level 4 vehicle to the policymakers, insurers and industry partners who shape Europe's AV future. Our purpose-built Robocar is engineered for full-stack redundancy providing a level of safety and reliability that combines agentic AI and adaptive design to meet rigorous regional safety standards. Tensor, showing for the first time in the UK, helped translate our technical evidence into practical pathways for safe, consumer ownership across European cities and soon - globally.

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