The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFC), Government of India, has issued a notification on rules for battery waste management in view of the shift to electric vehicles. Anticipating a need to have an organised channel for the safe disposal and recycling of batteries, the rules, called the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, are applicable to the producer, dealer, consumer, entities involved in collection, segregation, transportation, refurbishment and recycling of waste batteries. 

All types of batteries, regardless of their chemistry, shape, volume, weight, material composition and use are covered under the rules. The rules also have a provision for penal action in case of a violation and imposition of environmental compensation. The ministry has also set a minimum recovery percentage target for recovered materials out of dry weight batteries. 

The recovered materials will be then used to produce new batteries. For FY2024-25, the recovery target is set at 70 percent whereas for FY2025-26, it is 80 percent. The target for FY2026-27 is 90 percent. Mentioning that the recovery target may be reviewed by the committee once every four years to revisit the minimum levels of recovered battery materials in light of technical and scientific progress and emerging new technologies in waste management, the notification is expected to contribute towards enhancing each and every EV’s cost to the environment in India. This is especially in connection with the fact that nearly 1.4 million EVs as of July 2022 are said to operate in India if the data shared by the ministry of road transport and highways is relied upon. More than half of this volume is claimed to consist of electric three-wheelers followed by two-wheelers and passenger cars. 

The PLI scheme and other policy changes in terms of manufacture and sale of electric vehicles, it is clear that a strong battery ELV and disposal policy has to be in place. From the cost to the environment point of view, a policy extension in terms of the manufacture of such batteries locally down to the fuel cell level should also taking into view the ability of the battery to perform efficiently through out its lifecycle, thus staying alive for longer and when it does die, it should be recyclable to a great extent. 

Dr Akshay Singhal, Founder and CEO of Log9 Materials, averred. “The newly introduced Battery Waste Management standards by the Government under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept addresses two important concerns. An efficient and effective waste management of all Li-Ion batteries that are nearing the end of their useful life and are expected to end up in landfills in a few years, avoiding any residual pollution impact. Second is the emphasis on investing in and nurturing the recycling of such used batteries, reducing the reliance on fresh resource mining.” 

Shubham Vishvakarma, CEO and Chief of Process Engineering of Metastable Materials, said, “The Battery Waste Management Rules announced by the Government of India is an excellent and much-needed step towards bringing to the fore innovations and myriad growth opportunities for the battery waste management and battery treatment space in our country, especially at a time when the ongoing EV boom in India is leading us to increasing concerns on e-waste.” “Under the new Rules notified, the Government has mandated a minimum percentage of recovery of various materials from end-of-life batteries, which is bound to enable the growth of novel business models such as urban mining in order to reduce India’s foreign dependency on procuring raw materials for EV batteries and other types of batteries,” he added. 

Ashok Sudrik, Chief Scientist, Infinite Orbit Research and Development Pvt Ltd, commented, “The Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, were much needed and we are happy that government has started taking cognizance of the hazardous waste being created and the recycling or waste collection. Other than waste management recycling rules, there is a need for manufacturers to incorporate extension of battery life technologies, keep the lithium content minimal and develop innovative cell chemistry. The life of a battery should be 4000 to 6000 cycles, which means a life spane of about 10 to 15 years. BaaS (Battery as a Service) concept with swappable batteries will be a big contributor to the ultimate goal of keeping cost to the environment low.”

In other parts of the world

In Canada, Li-Cycle will begin constructing a USD 175 million plant in Rochester, N.Y., for recycling of lithium-ion batteries. On the grounds of what used to be the Eastman Kodak complex, the plant will be the largest of its kind in North America with an eventual capacity of 25 metric kilotons of input material and a capability to recover 95 percent or more of cobalt, nickel, lithium and other valuable elements through zero-wastewater, zero-emissions process. Ajay Kochhar, Co-founder and CEO, Li-Cycle, said, “We'll be one of the largest domestic sources of nickel and lithium, as well as the only source of cobalt in the United States."  

In May 2022, Hydrovolt, the largest battery recycling plant in Europe started operations in Fredrikstad, Norway. A joint venture between two Norwegian companies – Hydro and Northvolt, the plant has the capacity to process 12,000 tonnes of battery packs per year, enough for the entire end-of-life battery market in Norway currently. Claimed to have the capability to recover 95 percent of the materials used in an EV battery including plastics, copper, aluminum and ‘black mass’, a powder containing various elements inside lithium-ion batteries like nickel, manganese, cobalt and lithium. 

Not just in Europe or US, the rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and associated battery gigafactories is pushing forward the creation of a battery recycling value chain. It is a matter of debate whether it got to be a close-loop or an open-loop design in terms of sourcing of batteries to recycle and to put the resulting material to good use so that the cost to the environment is kept minimal. As the demand for use of ‘green’ electricity source gathers pace the world over, on the other end of the spectrum, which involved the end-of-life vehicle for EVs, the demand for recycling in increasing partly due to regulations – the EU regulations have just intensified – and partly by a demand for re-use of materials due to geo-political reasons as well. A strong desire to localise supply chains and safeguard critical raw materials are also the driving factors.  

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Faraday Future Intelligent Electric Inc. has released technical details regarding the Front AI Communication Ecosystem (F.A.C.E.), a system featured on the electric version of its FX Super One MPV.

The technology replaces the traditional front grille with a display and an AI avatar designed to act as a co-pilot and communication interface.

The system utilises multimodal interaction, including voice, gesture and touch, to respond to user needs. It is controlled via a smartphone application, allowing for the display of custom graphics, logos and streaming video while the vehicle is stationary. The hardware incorporates sensors that enable the AI agent to perceive its surroundings and interact with individuals outside the vehicle.

The F.A.C.E. system uses a Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning layer to interpret user intent and execute actions. Its functionality includes role-awareness personalisation, which distinguishes between owners, family members and unknown persons to provide appropriate responses.

The system supports proactive communication, such as initiating responses when someone approaches the vehicle to improve safety. Users can also interact with the vehicle’s voice assistant from the exterior to check status or request access. The FX Super One platform is engineered to support both battery electric and AI hybrid extended range (AIHER) powertrains.

The FX Super One is positioned as a mass-market MPV for the United States. Faraday Future has established a three-stage delivery structure for the model:

• Phase One: Deliveries to FX Partners are expected to begin in the second quarter of this year.
• Phase Two: B2B partner deliveries and production ramp-up are scheduled for the third quarter.
• Phase Three: Full-scale consumer market deliveries are targeted for the final quarter of this year or the first quarter of 2027.

Max Ma, Global CEO, FX, said, “Offering technology like our unique F.A.C.E system in a new category of vehicle will be a game changer in the marketplace. It will allow users to connect with the world in a totally new way. It can express itself and communicate to the world in a way never seen before in a vehicle. The FX Super One is not just a new MPV, it is the first mass-market, first-class Embodied AI MPV designed for the U.S. market, where intelligent space, AI interaction, sensing, computing and power and extended-range capability come together in a single platform.”

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German component supplier Schaeffler is leading the ReDriveS research project, an initiative funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. The project, which includes 25 partners from industry and academia, aims to develop an automated and scalable recycling concept for electric axle drive systems.

The project has a volume of over EUR 25 million, with funding exceeding EUR 16 million over a 36-month period. The technical focus is on robot-guided disassembly to recover materials such as rare earths, copper, aluminium and steel. This approach is intended to support the repair of drives, the reuse of subcomponents, or the recycling of materials to meet statutory requirements and secure supply chains.

A central component of the project is the development of a digital twin that processes data throughout the lifecycle of an axle drive. This digital model assesses the condition and geometry of units to determine whether they should be dismantled into main components – such as the motor, inverter, or transmission – or broken down further for material recycling.

The system is designed to be manufacturer-independent, allowing the technology to be used as an industry solution for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and recyclers. The project also explores data-based business models for axle drives enabled by this digital ecosystem.

Prof. Dr. Tim Hosenfeldt, Head of Central Technologies at Schaeffler, said, “With ReDriveS, we are launching a key project for the circular economy in electric mobility as consortium leader, together with the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and strong partners. Our goal is to make electric axle drives significantly more resource-efficient through digital twins, automated disassembly and high-quality recycling – thereby securing raw materials and supply chains, reducing CO2 emissions, and strengthening Germany as a location overall.”

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BYD has updated its warranty terms for the Blade Battery in Europe, increasing the mileage limit to 250,000km while maintaining the 8-year duration. The extension applies to both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and Super Hybrids and includes a guaranteed State of Health (SOH) of at least 70 percent. This change is retroactive, covering existing owners alongside new customers.

The Blade Battery utilises lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry, which avoids the use of nickel and cobalt. Its design allows cells to act as structural elements, increasing the vehicle's torsional rigidity. This configuration reduces the volume occupied by the battery by 50 percent compared to traditional designs, intended to optimise interior space.

The battery has undergone testing, including nail penetration, where surface temperatures remained below 60deg Celsius. It has also been subjected to overcharge tests, oven tests at 300deg Celsius, and crush evaluations. According to BYD, the battery can exceed 3,000 charge and discharge cycles, indicating a service life of approximately 1.2 million kilometres.

Current models utilising this technology include the BYD SEAL, which reports a range of 570km on the combined cycle and the BYD SEALION 7, capable of DC charging from 30 percent to 80 percent in 18 minutes at a power of 230 kW.

Under the new terms, the specific battery cover sits alongside the standard vehicle warranty of six years or 150,000km. The electric drive unit remains covered for eight years or 150,000km, while the anti-perforation warranty continues at 12 years with unlimited mileage. The extension is designed to address user confidence regarding the longevity of energy storage systems in the European market.

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Suzuki R&D Center India (SRDI), a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation, has launched the Suzuki e-Micromobility Innovation Lab for Ecosystem (SMILE). Located within the International Automobile Center of Excellence (iACE) in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, the facility functions as a platform to develop Versatile micro e-Mobility (VmeM) solutions.

The laboratory connects technology from Japan with ideas from Indian startups and component manufacturers. The objective is to design mobility systems from a customer perspective and strengthen co-creation within the Indian ecosystem. The VmeM platform, previously announced in Japan as MITRA, was showcased during the Vibrant Gujarat event in Rajkot on 11-12 January before the opening ceremony on 13 January.

SMILE operates within iACE, an institution founded in 2015 by the Government of Gujarat and Maruti Suzuki India. The centre focuses on training and skill development, having provided education to over 10,000 individuals in automotive engineering and mobility systems. The establishment of SMILE follows a memorandum of understanding signed between iACE and SRDI in December 2024.

The lab intends to integrate vehicle manufacturing with technology from the startup sector to address infrastructure needs. Target applications include warehousing, air cargo, manufacturing plants, agriculture, and municipal services.

Katsuhiro Kato, Director and Executive Vice-President, Suzuki Motor Corporation, said, “We are pleased to see the VmeM, designed and developed by Suzuki, introduced in India through Suzuki R&D Center India. The VmeM platform represents Suzuki’s commitment to evolving future mobility. With the launch of SMILE at iACE, we will work closely with Indian industry, startups and government stakeholders to drive co-creation on valuable mobility solutions that support growth and sustainability. We also aim to serve the role as a key base for the global deployment of the VmeM platform by promoting continuous technological development.”

The initiative positions Gujarat as a base for the global deployment of the VmeM platform through ongoing technological development and stakeholder collaboration.

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