The lithium-ion batteries are at the heart of the transition from fossil-fuelled vehicles towards cleaner alternate powertrain options, but fundamental supply chain changes are needed to eliminate widespread forced labour and child labour abuses.

A recent research by AI supply chain risk platform Infyos has identified that companies accounting for 75 percent of the global battery market have connections to one or more companies in the supply chain facing allegations of severe human rights abuses. Most major battery manufacturers and end batteries applications are exposed including many of the world’s largest automotive, energy storage and electronics brands.

This new industry data is compiled from evidence on Infyos’ AI supply chain risk platform using thousands of government datasets, NGO reports, news articles and social media sources. 

Infyos’ AI technology is developed specifically for the battery industry to automate the gathering, cleansing and classification of unstructured data to identify and assign confidence ratings to allegations of human rights abuses with accuracy and speed that previously was not possible.

The AI-driven platform claims it is working with some of the world’s largest renewable energy and automotive companies to combine open-source data with additional proprietary data sources to identify which companies a customer may be connected to across the supply chain and where there is exposure to or allegations of human rights abuses.

Tony To, Co-founder & CTO, Infyos said: “Our platform is designed to provide users with insights into the complexities of the battery supply chain so they can take proactive measures to identify and mitigate risks. By leveraging AI in our technology we’ve created a system that delivers accurate data despite the complexity of the battery industry and most importantly provides users with simple actionable mitigations to collaborate with their suppliers to address risks and improve the sustainability of the industry.”
The report finds that widespread human rights abuses identified range from people being forced to work in lithium refining facilities under the threat of no or minimal pay to five-year-old children mining cobalt materials out of the ground in hazardous conditions. Severe human rights incidents are occurring globally, especially in resource-rich countries with fragile and corrupt governments like the Democratic Republic of Congo and Madagascar.

However, most of the allegations of severe human rights abuses involve companies who are mining and refining raw materials in China that end up in batteries around the world, particularly in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in northwest China where the battery, automotive and solar industry has already been hit with public allegations of widespread forced labour from journalists, government agencies and non-profit organisations.

Complex supply chain

Electric vehicle and battery manufacturers have a complex supply chain, sometimes with over 10,000 suppliers across their network, from mines to chemical refineries and automotive manufacturers. Human rights abuses frequently occur upstream in the supply chain, notably at the raw material mining and refining stages, making it difficult for companies purchasing batteries to identify their supply chain risks.

The battery industry’s connections to these incidents stem from manufacturers sourcing components or materials from unethical companies in their supply chain network or entering business relationships, including joint ventures or equity investments hidden in complex and changing ownership structures, which conceals the reality of the unethical connections.

Sarah Montgomery, CEO & Co-Founder, Infyos added, “The relative opaqueness of battery supply chains and the complexity of supply chain legal requirements means current approaches like ESG audits are out of date and don’t comply with new regulations. Most battery manufacturers and their customers, including automotive companies and grid-scale battery energy storage developers, still don’t have complete supply chain oversight.”
It is important to understand that sourcing is coming under growing scrutiny, particularly in Europe and the US, where failure to address the issues means companies could be in breach of current and future regulations. 

This is damaging the battery industry’s clean credentials and hampering investment into the global battery market forecast to be worth nearly $500 billion (INR 41,655 billion) in 2030. With more legislation such as the EU Battery Regulation and the US’s Uyghur Forced Labour Prevention Act (UFLPA) being phased in, action must be taken now so companies can still sell their products.

Jeff Williamson, Head of Sustainability, Infyos said: “Companies manufacturing or purchasing batteries are at risk of having their products blocked at the market, further delaying and increasing the costs of renewable energy projects or tarnishing their reputation because of human rights risks.”

The UFLPA prohibits the import of goods made with forced labour in the Xinjiang region of China. The penalties for non-compliance can be extreme: earlier this year inspectors blocked vehicles they found to violate the regulations. The US Senate Finance Committee Chair has accused automotive manufacturers of ‘sticking their heads in the sand’ over forced labour in their supply chains and a subsequent report recommended that the Department of Homeland Security and Customs and Border Protection take further measures to strength enforcement of the forced labour ban in automotive supply chains, including placing CATL – the world’s largest battery cell manufacturer – on a list of companies banned due to their connection to forced labour. Europe is following suit with its forced labour ban while a proposal has been submitted to increase the fines for non-compliance with the UK’s Modern Slavery Act to 4 percent of global annual turnover.

Sarah Montgomery, CEO & Co-Founder, Infyos said: “We have already seen how forced labour incidents in supply chains for the solar industry have blocked the largest solar suppliers from the US market and slowed down the transition to clean energy: as the battery industry faces the paradigm shift to electrification, the lessons learnt in solar must be applied to the battery industry if the energy transition is to stay on track.”

Battery-specific regulations within Europe are becoming more stringent too. New EU Battery Regulations coming into effect between 2024 and 2036 require much more rigorous supply chain visibility and risk management starting in 2025 with non-compliance leading to products being blocked from the European market. These pressing supply chain requirements, which many in the industry are struggling to comply with, are foundational to the much-talked-about battery passports in 2027. The UFLPA and EU Battery Regulation are widely seen as the battery industry gold standard due to their strict requirements on due diligence and supply chain visibility, and many companies operating outside of the regions are voluntarily aiming to meet their requirements.

By addressing issues within their supply chain, companies not only continue to have a licence to operate and avoid costly fines but can also actively grow their business: Research from PwC found that 89 percent of institutional investors are considering or have already rejected investments in firms with ESG shortcomings. Additional human rights pressure is coming from investors, who are now mandating deeper supply chain risk management and visibility as a condition of lending or investment to minimise their own financial risk. While financial and regulatory pressures are increasing awareness of human rights abuses in battery supply chains, more industry action to address human rights abuses is needed to drive battery applications forward and ensure 2050 net-zero emissions targets don’t face total failure.

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Chartered Speed has deployed 11 electric buses for staff transportation for DCM Shriram at Jhagadia GIDC, Bharuch. The service was inaugurated by Sanyam Gandhi, Whole-time Director at Chartered Speed and Aditya Shriram, Deputy Managing Director at DCM Shriram.

The deployment is part of an effort to shift employee mobility towards electrification. Chartered Speed operates a fleet of over 2,000 buses across six states, serving 350,000 passengers daily.

The electric buses are equipped with several technologies for fleet management and passenger safety. It comes with real-time GPS tracking and onboard Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS). CCTV cameras, fire protection systems and first-aid kits are installed in every vehicle.

The company currently provides school and staff transportation services to various clients, including GHCL Limited and Apple Global School.

Sanyam Gandhi, Whole-time Director, Chartered Speed, said, “With the recent deployment of electric buses, we are strengthening our commitment to reducing the carbon footprint of our operations and supporting the transition to greener transportation solutions. Our vision is of building a large, clean energy-powered fleet that aligns with global trends towards electrification in public transport. We remain focused on integrating technology in our services not only enhances operational efficiency but also fosters a culture of safety that we believe is essential for the future of transportation.”

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Tata Motors, one of the leading passenger vehicle manufacturers in the country, has attained a new milestone in the Indian electric vehicle (EV) market, with cumulative sales of its TATA.ev range exceeding 250,000 units.

Since the launch of the Nexon.ev in 2020, the company has secured a 66 percent market share of all electric passenger vehicles sold in India to date. The Nexon.ev has become the first electric model in the country to surpass 100,000 cumulative sales.

At present, the company’s green vehicle offering includes the Tiago.ev, Punch.ev, Nexon.ev, Curvv.ev and Harrier.ev for personal use, alongside the XPRES-T EV for fleet operations.

To support its EV customers, Tata Motors has established an ecosystem, which includes access to over 200,000 charging points, including home, community and public chargers. A digital platform providing coverage for over 20,000 public chargers. Around 100 mega charging hubs operational across key corridors, offering speeds of more than 120kW. Approximately 1,500 dedicated EV service bays nationwide, staffed by over 5,000 technicians.

The automaker stated that every TATA.ev vehicle is manufactured with more than 50 percent local content. In collaboration with other Tata Group companies, the firm has localised the production of battery packs and battery management systems. The supply chain also includes domestic production of power electronics, wiring harnesses and thermal management systems.

Going forward, Tata Motors has outlined a robust growth strategy through to 2030:

• Upcoming Launches: The Sierra.ev and a new Punch.ev are scheduled for release in CY26, followed by the Avinya luxury range at the end of 2026.
• Portfolio Growth: Five new nameplates are planned by FY2030.
• Infrastructure Targets: The company aims for 400,000 charge points by CY2027 and 1 million by 2030.
• Battery Sourcing: Future models will use battery cells produced at the Agratas gigafactory in Sanand.

Shailesh Chandra, MD & CEO, Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles, said, “Crossing 250,000 EV sales reflects how electric mobility is fast becoming part of everyday Indian life. Our customers are driving more, travelling farther, and increasingly trusting EVs as their only cars. Our EV journey which began in 2018, was never about leading alone but about building the ecosystem to enable India’s transition to clean mobility. This progress is the outcome of the government’s forward-thinking policies, the steadfast support of our supplier partners and charging infrastructure providers and above all, the trust and enthusiasm of TATA.ev customers. As EV adoption accelerates, our commitment remains clear: to mainstream electric mobility by making it accessible across segments, strengthening the ecosystem, and investing in India-first technology and localization. This is how we will continue to lead India’s growing EV market.”

The company also intends to focus on the circular economy by reusing batteries for energy storage and providing battery health checks for second-hand owners.

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French-headquartered battery systems manufacturer Forsee Power has announced that MegaFlux, a Mexico-based powertrain integrator, has selected its ZEN LFP battery system for its heavy vehicle electric powertrains.

MegaFlux develops electric powertrains for trucks and buses, including retrofit solutions that convert diesel vehicles to electric. The company also provides charging infrastructure and energy management services.

The ZEN LFP product line uses lithium-ion LFP chemistry and is designed for buses, trucks and off-highway vehicles. The batteries are available in 36 kWh and 55 kWh formats, allowing for various voltage and energy combinations. The LFP battery has an energy density of 240 Wh/L. Being a modular system, upto to two modules can be stacked to optimise vehicle space. The battery has 6,000 charging lifecycle and is ISO 26262 ASIL-C and industry standards including R100-3 and R10.6 certified.

The use of LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) chemistry is intended to provide a lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for operators due to its thermal stability and cycle life, factors that are relevant to the operating conditions in markets such as Mexico.

MegaFlux will integrate the ZEN LFP batteries into powertrains sold to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and into its vehicle conversion projects.

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Chinese automotive major BYD has celebrated the production of its 15 millionth new energy vehicle (NEV) at its Jinan Factory. The milestone vehicle is a Denza N8L, which also represents the 15,000th unit of this six-seat SUV model.

The company reported sales of 4.182 million units from January to November 2025, a YoY growth of 11.3 percent. Global markets contributed to this performance, with overseas sales reaching 917,000 units, surpassing the total volume recorded in 2024. BYD now operates in more than 119 countries and regions.

Technological innovation continues to drive the company's operations. In the first three quarters of 2025, R&D expenditure rose to CNY 43.75 billion, a 31 percent increase compared to the previous year. Total cumulative investment in research and development has now exceeded CNY 220 billion.

The Denza brand has entered markets in Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia. During the first half of the year, the Denza D9 became the top-selling luxury MPV in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.

The brand has extended its presence into Europe and Latin America. This expansion is part of a strategy to increase the electrification of the global luxury automotive sector. Denza recently showcased the D9 at the São Paulo International Motor Show to support its growth in the region.

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