The lithium-ion batteries are at the heart of the transition from fossil-fuelled vehicles towards cleaner alternate powertrain options, but fundamental supply chain changes are needed to eliminate widespread forced labour and child labour abuses.

A recent research by AI supply chain risk platform Infyos has identified that companies accounting for 75 percent of the global battery market have connections to one or more companies in the supply chain facing allegations of severe human rights abuses. Most major battery manufacturers and end batteries applications are exposed including many of the world’s largest automotive, energy storage and electronics brands.

This new industry data is compiled from evidence on Infyos’ AI supply chain risk platform using thousands of government datasets, NGO reports, news articles and social media sources. 

Infyos’ AI technology is developed specifically for the battery industry to automate the gathering, cleansing and classification of unstructured data to identify and assign confidence ratings to allegations of human rights abuses with accuracy and speed that previously was not possible.

The AI-driven platform claims it is working with some of the world’s largest renewable energy and automotive companies to combine open-source data with additional proprietary data sources to identify which companies a customer may be connected to across the supply chain and where there is exposure to or allegations of human rights abuses.

Tony To, Co-founder & CTO, Infyos said: “Our platform is designed to provide users with insights into the complexities of the battery supply chain so they can take proactive measures to identify and mitigate risks. By leveraging AI in our technology we’ve created a system that delivers accurate data despite the complexity of the battery industry and most importantly provides users with simple actionable mitigations to collaborate with their suppliers to address risks and improve the sustainability of the industry.”
The report finds that widespread human rights abuses identified range from people being forced to work in lithium refining facilities under the threat of no or minimal pay to five-year-old children mining cobalt materials out of the ground in hazardous conditions. Severe human rights incidents are occurring globally, especially in resource-rich countries with fragile and corrupt governments like the Democratic Republic of Congo and Madagascar.

However, most of the allegations of severe human rights abuses involve companies who are mining and refining raw materials in China that end up in batteries around the world, particularly in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in northwest China where the battery, automotive and solar industry has already been hit with public allegations of widespread forced labour from journalists, government agencies and non-profit organisations.

Complex supply chain

Electric vehicle and battery manufacturers have a complex supply chain, sometimes with over 10,000 suppliers across their network, from mines to chemical refineries and automotive manufacturers. Human rights abuses frequently occur upstream in the supply chain, notably at the raw material mining and refining stages, making it difficult for companies purchasing batteries to identify their supply chain risks.

The battery industry’s connections to these incidents stem from manufacturers sourcing components or materials from unethical companies in their supply chain network or entering business relationships, including joint ventures or equity investments hidden in complex and changing ownership structures, which conceals the reality of the unethical connections.

Sarah Montgomery, CEO & Co-Founder, Infyos added, “The relative opaqueness of battery supply chains and the complexity of supply chain legal requirements means current approaches like ESG audits are out of date and don’t comply with new regulations. Most battery manufacturers and their customers, including automotive companies and grid-scale battery energy storage developers, still don’t have complete supply chain oversight.”
It is important to understand that sourcing is coming under growing scrutiny, particularly in Europe and the US, where failure to address the issues means companies could be in breach of current and future regulations. 

This is damaging the battery industry’s clean credentials and hampering investment into the global battery market forecast to be worth nearly $500 billion (INR 41,655 billion) in 2030. With more legislation such as the EU Battery Regulation and the US’s Uyghur Forced Labour Prevention Act (UFLPA) being phased in, action must be taken now so companies can still sell their products.

Jeff Williamson, Head of Sustainability, Infyos said: “Companies manufacturing or purchasing batteries are at risk of having their products blocked at the market, further delaying and increasing the costs of renewable energy projects or tarnishing their reputation because of human rights risks.”

The UFLPA prohibits the import of goods made with forced labour in the Xinjiang region of China. The penalties for non-compliance can be extreme: earlier this year inspectors blocked vehicles they found to violate the regulations. The US Senate Finance Committee Chair has accused automotive manufacturers of ‘sticking their heads in the sand’ over forced labour in their supply chains and a subsequent report recommended that the Department of Homeland Security and Customs and Border Protection take further measures to strength enforcement of the forced labour ban in automotive supply chains, including placing CATL – the world’s largest battery cell manufacturer – on a list of companies banned due to their connection to forced labour. Europe is following suit with its forced labour ban while a proposal has been submitted to increase the fines for non-compliance with the UK’s Modern Slavery Act to 4 percent of global annual turnover.

Sarah Montgomery, CEO & Co-Founder, Infyos said: “We have already seen how forced labour incidents in supply chains for the solar industry have blocked the largest solar suppliers from the US market and slowed down the transition to clean energy: as the battery industry faces the paradigm shift to electrification, the lessons learnt in solar must be applied to the battery industry if the energy transition is to stay on track.”

Battery-specific regulations within Europe are becoming more stringent too. New EU Battery Regulations coming into effect between 2024 and 2036 require much more rigorous supply chain visibility and risk management starting in 2025 with non-compliance leading to products being blocked from the European market. These pressing supply chain requirements, which many in the industry are struggling to comply with, are foundational to the much-talked-about battery passports in 2027. The UFLPA and EU Battery Regulation are widely seen as the battery industry gold standard due to their strict requirements on due diligence and supply chain visibility, and many companies operating outside of the regions are voluntarily aiming to meet their requirements.

By addressing issues within their supply chain, companies not only continue to have a licence to operate and avoid costly fines but can also actively grow their business: Research from PwC found that 89 percent of institutional investors are considering or have already rejected investments in firms with ESG shortcomings. Additional human rights pressure is coming from investors, who are now mandating deeper supply chain risk management and visibility as a condition of lending or investment to minimise their own financial risk. While financial and regulatory pressures are increasing awareness of human rights abuses in battery supply chains, more industry action to address human rights abuses is needed to drive battery applications forward and ensure 2050 net-zero emissions targets don’t face total failure.

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Tata Motors, one of India’s leading commercial vehicle manufacturers, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Think Gas, a City Gas Distribution player, to strengthen the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) refuelling ecosystem for long-haul and heavy-duty trucking in the country.

The collaboration aims to enhance infrastructure readiness, build awareness around fuel quality and enable wider adoption of LNG-powered commercial vehicles.

As part of the agreement, Tata Motors will work with Think Gas to identify freight corridors and logistics clusters with potential for LNG infrastructure expansion. Think Gas will focus on maintaining standards of fuel quality and supply reliability. Tata Motors customers will also receive exclusive benefits, including preferential pricing.

Think Gas currently operates 18 Liquefied and Compressed Natural Gas (LCNG) stations and plans to develop a corridor connecting industrial hubs, agricultural regions and logistics centres across the country.

Rajesh Kaul, Vice-President & Business Head – Trucks, Tata Motors, said, “As India advances towards sustainable and efficient freight movement, LNG presents a compelling solution for long-haul and heavy-duty trucking. Recognising its potential early on, we have developed robust solutions that deliver higher fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and superior performance. Through this partnership with Think Gas, our goal is to strengthen ecosystem readiness – ensuring reliable access to refuelling infrastructure and enabling fleet operators to adopt LNG with confidence. This collaboration marks another step forward in our commitment to advancing cleaner, future-ready mobility solutions for India’s commercial vehicle industry.”

Somil Garg, Senior Vice-President and Business Head (LNG Fuel), Think Gas, said, “At Think Gas, our aim is to make cleaner fuels accessible and affordable across India. Partnering with Tata Motors, a leader in advancing alternate-fuel mobility will help us strategically scale our expansion. Supported by our global investors – I-Squared Capital, Osaka Gas, Sumitomo Corporation, Konoike Transport, JOIN, we remain committed to building a robust, safe and sustainable LNG network nationwide.”

Tata Motors is developing mobility solutions powered by alternative fuel technologies, including battery electric, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), LNG, hydrogen internal combustion and hydrogen fuel cell.

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Chinese new energy vehicles manufacturer BYD marked its debut at the Japan Mobility Show 2025 by unveiling the BYD Racco, a lightweight all-electric K-EV designed specifically for the Japanese market.

The company also announced its dual ‘EV + PHEV’ strategy for Japan with the introduction of its first plug-in hybrid model for the market, the BYD Sealion 6 DM-i. This debut, themed ‘ONE BYD,’ featured both passenger and commercial vehicles, aiming to build a comprehensive lineup that integrates hybrid and pure-electric technologies.

The passenger vehicle booth featured the all-new BYD Racco and BYD Sealion 6 DM-i, alongside existing models like the BYD Atto 3, BYD Dolphin and BYD Seal. The display also included the Yangwang U9 supercar, representing BYD's premium brand.

BYD, which entered the Japanese passenger vehicle market in July 2022, plans to launch a total of seven to eight electric and hybrid models by 2027. The company currently operates 66 retail outlets across Japan.

On the commercial front, BYD unveiled the BYD T35 all-electric truck and the J6 Living Car Concept. The BYD T35, developed to align with Japanese regulations and dimensions, features BYD’s Blade Battery and is expected to enter the market in 2026.

BYD is already a market leader in Japan's electric bus segment, having achieved cumulative sales of approximately 500 electric buses since 2015.

Liu Xueliang, General Manager of BYD Asia-Pacific Auto Sales Division, said, “This year marks the 20th anniversary of BYD in Japan and the first time our passenger and commercial vehicles are showcased together. From electric buses to electric cars and now our Super Hybrid DM-i models – BYD Sealion 6 DM-i and the world premiere of the K-EV – BYD has always aimed to offer safe, efficient and high-quality new energy vehicles suited to Japan's needs. We will keep strengthening our services, expanding our lineup and working with Japanese customers toward a more sustainable future.”

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Kinetic Green Tonino Lamborghini has appointed Electrify Maldives as its exclusive dealer for its electric golf and lifestyle carts in the Maldives. The appointment follows a distribution agreement with Trade Promoters Sri Lanka.

Electrify Maldives unveiled the electric carts on 28 October at TechEng 2025, the Maldives' exhibition for engineering and technology. Ferruccio Lamborghini, Vice-President of Tonino Lamborghini, attended the opening ceremony as the Guest.

The collaboration is positioned to bring mobility solutions to sectors including golf courses, resorts, estates and corporate campuses.

At present, the cart line-up is offered in two product lines: the Genesis Range and the Prestige Range. Available in 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-seater configurations, the models feature a MacPherson suspension, four-wheel hydraulic brakes, 45 Nm torque and 30 percent gradeability. The lithium-ion battery with wireless charging offers a 10-year life and a range of up to 150km, backed by a 5-year warranty. Smart features such as a TFT dashboard, LED headlights and wireless mobile charging are included.

Dr. Sulajja Firodia Motwani, Founder and CEO, Kinetic Green, said: “For a long, the golf cart segment has awaited a true disruptor – an extraordinary offering that transcends the mundane. Over the years, the use of golf carts has extended well beyond golf- to luxury resorts, world-class airports, sprawling townships and corporate campuses and to personal use. But the design and specifications of popular golf carts has remained much the same, and this is where we see a large global market ready for disruption! Our JV will leverage the long legacy of the Kinetic Group in automotive engineering, Kinetic Green’s pioneering expertise in design and manufacture of electric vehicles and the experience of our partner, Tonino Lamborghini’s global experience in redefining design and lifestyle experiences and to top it all, marketing our products globally using the famous red shield with the iconic Bull. This fusion of our robust Indian engineering and EV capabilities with Tonino Lamborghini’s unparalleled design prowess and global luxury vision is not just a partnership; it is a confident declaration.”

“We are poised to create a disruption in this segment and work towards seizing leadership, globally, bringing a confident, and ambitious new benchmark to markets that are ripe for revolution. For Kinetic Green, this marks the beginning of our global journey, bringing Made in India EVs to the World. Kinetic Green’s aim is to build a USD 1 billion EV business by 2030 and this JV will play a key part in our global ambitions. I am confident that Electrify Maldives will drive this transformation in the Maldivian market by introducing innovation, ecological consciousness, premium design, trailblazing technology and top-tier quality through the sale of our carts. Electrify Maldives is officially designated to manage all local operations in the Maldives and will lead sales, marketing, and after-sales support for the entire lineup of Kinetic Green Tonino Lamborghini electric carts,” she added.

Ferruccio Lamborghini, Vice-President, Tonino Lamborghini, said: "This collaboration with Kinetic Green marks an exciting new chapter in the history of the brand founded by my father over 45 years ago. Together, we have created a project that combines the best of two worlds: the elegance and identity of Italian design with the strength, efficiency, and innovation of Indian manufacturing. This is more than an industrial joint venture – it is a bridge between two entrepreneurial cultures, united by a shared vision of the future. At Tonino Lamborghini, we believe in redefining everyday experiences into expressions of style, performance, and unmistakable identity. Our brand philosophy is deeply rooted in my family’s heritage yet constantly driven by innovation and a passion for excellence. With these golf and lifestyle carts, we are bringing that philosophy to life in a new segment – delivering not just vehicles, but a bold statement of lifestyle in motion. We chose India not only as a strategic production base, but also as a symbol of openness, growth, and global ambition. With Kinetic Green, we share fundamental values: a deep focus on the customer, continuous innovation, and meticulous attention to detail. The result is a product range that reflects the very soul of our brand – powered by cutting-edge technology and destined for discerning customers around the world. The Tonino Lamborghini Golf Carts embody our vision of electric lifestyle mobility: elegant, high-performing, and purpose-driven. We are proud to launch this journey in such a dynamic market as The Maldives. We are confident it will carry our style and passion for excellence and deliver exceptional brand experience to customers in the region.”

Kasun Abeyrathne, General Manager, Electrify Maldives, said: “At Electrify Maldives, our strength lies in engineering excellence and responsive technical support. Representing Tonino Lamborghini and Kinetic Green electric golf carts is a natural extension of our commitment to performance, reliability and service, delivering not just luxury mobility, but a robust, sustainable solution.’’

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Japanese auto major Honda Motor Co has presented the world premiere of the EV Outlier Concept, an electric motorcycle model that proposes a new vision for motorbikes beyond 2030 at the Japan Mobility Show 2025.

The concept, the company said, is not merely an electric version of existing motorcycles but represents a new direction for the segment.

The EV Outlier Concept capitalises on the design freedom unique to electric motorcycles by featuring in-wheel motors on both the front and rear wheels. This arrangement achieves a dynamic and low-proportion styling. Honda's move with the EV Outlier aims to create unprecedented value in its motorcycle offerings through electrification.

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